Water purification system

ABSTRACT

A mobile water purification system having a trailer, a pretreatment subsystem having a cyclonic separator, a filtering subsystem fluidly connected with the pretreatment subsystem, the filtering subsystem having at least one bedded filter; a reverse osmosis subsystem fluidly connected with the filtering subsystem, the reverse osmosis subsystem having a waste output and a product output; a collection tank fluidly connected with and downstream of the reverse osmosis subsystem; a distribution subsystem fluidly connected with and downstream of the collection tank; a source water inlet mounted to the exterior and fluidly connected to the pretreatment inlet, the source water inlet outside of the at-least partially enclosed space; and a discharge water outlet mounted to the plurality of sidewalls and fluidly connected to the pressure tank, the discharge water outlet having an outlet opening outside of the at least partially-enclosed space.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/455,383, filed Jun. 27, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/630,364, filed Feb. 24, 2015, and each of theforegoing applications further claims the benefit of priority from U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/944,542, filed Feb. 25, 2014, and U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/944,999, filed Feb. 26, 2014. All of theforegoing related applications, in their entirety, are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to water purification. More specifically,the present invention relates to a water purification unit that createspotable water from non-potable water.

2. Description of the Related Art

The recent increased production of hydrocarbons from new hydrocarbonplays has a seen a corresponding increase in personnel relocating toremote areas that don't have a traditional municipal water system. Thepersonnel typically reside in makeshift housing encampments that providethe necessities of living in a remote location, such as lodging, food,communal areas, laundry services, and the like.

Chief among the needs for such makeshift housing is clean water fordrinking and showering. Often, the encampment water “systems” consist oftrucking in water and offloading the water to an open tank positionednear the encampment. This, however, exposes the water supply to risk ofcontamination at any number of points along the way, such as duringtransfer to the truck at the origin, transfer from the trunk at theencampment, or even exposure in the tank to outside elements. Often,fear of contaminants in the tank leaves camp personnel afraid to use thewater or to overly chlorinate the supply, which can lead to otherproblems, such as hygiene issues, dehydration, or chlorine burns.

Moreover, contaminants or chlorine in the system limits use of thesystem. For example, regulations require most work locations that havedangerous chemicals to have an emergency eye wash station that usepotable water. But if the trucked-in water is stored in an open tank,the water is, by definition, not potable. And if an emergency eye-washsystem uses overly-chlorinated water, it may cause harm to the users.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The water treatment system of the present invention processesnon-potable source water to convert it into potable output water. In itspreferred embodiment, the water treatment systems is able to processsource water containing up to 3000 ppm total dissolved solids, as wellas bacteria, iron, sulfur, sand, silt, and other typical ground water orwell water contaminants. After it is processed, the non-potable sourcewater is converted into US EPA quality drinking/potable water that issafe for human contact and consumption, and can be delivered to thepopulation for use in all human contact needs.

The water treatment system is contained within a 10,400-pound grossvehicle weight rated (GVWR) cargo trailer or similar-sized trailer withan enclosed environment. An external/internal transfer station isincorporated on one side of the trailer. This station contains fourconnections: source water inlet connection; discharge water outletconnection; auxiliary product outlet connection; primary product outletconnection.

Several features are mounted on the exterior of the trailer. An externaleye wash and a safety shower are mounted on one side of the trailer,both of which are connected to and fed by the product water supply. Acontainer filling station is mounted on one side of the trailer which isalso connected to and fed by the product water supply. Also fed by theproduct water is an ice delivery chute that is mounted on one side ofthe trailer. This chute allows access to the ice delivery point anddirects the ice to a point of delivery outside of the trailer.Electrical panels for the required service to the trailer are mounted onthe external surface of the trailer. These panels allow for powerconnection, and provide circuit breaker protection for the traileroperation.

The system incorporates piping and connections sufficient to connect thetrailer to external delivery points. Half-inch piping is utilized withquick connects on each pipe. This allows for rapid deployment of thepiping to the connection points. Tee's and elbows with quick connectfittings are available to place in line at the appropriate points.Three-quarter inch flexible hoses connect to the tees and elbows forfinal connection to the delivery point.

The system includes hose lengths and connections for the source watersupply and discharge water delivery to external points. The systemincludes hose length and connections to provide the product water supplyto remote tanks and delivery points via the auxiliary connection point.

In use, the trailer is towed to a desired site location and the watertreatment system is connected for use. The non-potable source watersupply is connected for input into the water treatment system and theoutput of the system is connected to the delivery location of theconverted water. Additionally, electrical service is connected to theelectrical panel to power the water treatment system inside theenclosed, climate controlled environment on the trailer. Within theclimate controlled environment a series of filters, pumps, mixing tanks,and other equipment make up the water treatment system, as discussed indetail below. Additionally, an onboard control system controls andmonitors the water treatment system as it processes the water. Theonboard computer periodically samples the water and compares pressurereadings at various points within the system to ensure proper operation,with operating parameters programmed into the onboard computer to definewhen the system is not operating properly. When a point in the systemfalls outside an operating parameter the onboard computer issues visualand audible warnings and, depending on the severity, may shut down thesystem entirely.

The onboard control system is in communication with computers that areremote to the trailer, allowing the water treatment system to bemonitored and controlled from an offsite location. Offsite controlallows for routine maintenance procedures to be achieved without makinga service trip to the unit. For example, certain filters within thesystem can be flushed and cleaned if the system falls out of a desiredoperating parameter, with the flushing and cleaning process beingdirected from the offsite computer communicating with the onboardcomputer.

The mobile water purification unit may be used in a variety ofapplications, regardless of the geographic location and externalclimate. In cold locations, the climate controlled environment preventstreated water stored within the trailer from freezing and in hotlocations prevents the water from becoming undesirably warm.Additionally, the climate-controlled environment maintains a constanttemperature within the trailer to prevent temperature fluctuations thatmay cause damaging condensation, and provides a suitable operatingtemperature for the components within the trailer. The climatetemperature within the enclosed environment is monitored by the onboardcontrol system.

One of example of where the mobile water purification unit may be usedis to supply and deliver potable water to temporary housing in oil andnatural gas drilling operations. As another example, it may be used aspart of natural disaster relief efforts, where potable water is inlimited supply.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1, which consists of FIGS. 1A-1B, shows a system diagram of anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2, which consists of FIGS. 2A-2F, is a control flow chart for thesystem embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side view of a trailer including the embodiment of theinvention

FIG. 4 is a front view of the trailer of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a second side view of the trailer of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, which consists of FIGS. 1A-1B, the embodimentcomprises a pretreatment subsystem 20, a filtering subsystem 22, areverse-osmosis (RO) subsystem 24, a distribution subsystem 26, and adischarge subsystem 28. The pretreatment subsystem 20 is fluidlyconnected to a water source (not shown). The filtering subsystem 22 isdownstream of the pretreatment subsystem 20. The RO subsystem 24 isdownstream of the filtering subsystem 22. The distribution subsystem 26,which is downstream of the RO subsystem 24, includes tank T3 andprovides output for use with a fluid line 29. The discharge subsystem 28is fluidly connected to each of the other subsystems.

Pretreatment Processing

The pretreatment subsystem 20 includes an inlet 30, an outlet 32, a sandseparator filter F1, a filter F2, and an ozone generator O3. The inlet30 is in selective fluid communication with the sand separator filter F1through a manual valve V1. In other words, when valve V1 is open, afluid communication path extends between the inlet to and the sandseparator F1. A system control system, such as a programmable logicdevice or microcontrol system, is electronically connected to variouselements of the system to receive data and activate the various valvesand energize pumps. Each value described as an “actuated” valve iselectronically connected to the control system.

The sand separator F1 is a hydrocyclone or similar device that usescyclonic separation or centrifugal force to remove sand, silt, and otherheavy suspended solids from the source water. The sand separator F1 isfluidly connected to a non-bedded filter, such as a 100-micron bagfilter F2 or a screen filter, which removes suspended solids of apredetermined size as the water passes through.

The sand separator F1 is also connected to the discharge subsystem 28.An actuated valve V2 is interposed within the fluid line between thesand separator F1 and the discharge subsystem 28.

The pretreatment subsystem 20 also includes various manual and actuatedvalves. A manual valve V3 is positioned in the fluid communication pathbetween the sand separator F1 and the bag filter F2. An actuated valveV4 is positioned between the manual valve V3 and the bag filter F2.Another manual valve V5 is positioned in the fluid line between the bagfilter F2 and the outlet 32.

The pretreatment subsystem 20 also includes an injector I and a manualvalve V6 parallel with the injector I. The injector I and manual valveV6 are positioned between the manual valve V5 and the outlet 32. Theozone generator O3 is connected to the fluid inlet of the injector I.The size of the motive fluid inlet of the injector I as at least aslarge as the size of the particulate removed by filter F2 to inhibitclogging of the injector. For example, in this embodiment, the motivefluid inlet is at least one-hundred microns.

Oxidation of the water in the pretreatment subsystem 20 reduces theorganic environment (i.e., kills bacteria) and causes iron toprecipitate from the water. Ozone or other oxidants may be used for theoxidation.

The pretreatment subsystem 20 includes two pressure monitors. Onepressure monitor PM1 includes a probe positioned in the line between theactuated valve V4 and the filter F2. The other pressure monitor PM2 ispositioned between manual valves V5 and V6.

The outlet 32 is located in a collection tank T1, preferably near thebottom of collection tank T1 and below the surface of any containedwater. The collection tank T1 has a 160-gallon capacity. An analog levelmonitor LVL1 is operably connected to the collection tank T1. A fluidline has an opening 34 near the bottom of the tank T1 and is fluidlyconnected to the inlet of a supply pump PMP1. A manual valve V8 isinterposed between the opening 34 and the supply pump PMP1. A checkvalve CV1 is fluidly connected to the outlet of supply pump PMP1.

A throttle valve V7 is connected between the collection tank T1 and thecheck valve CV1. A bypass line 36 extends between the outlet of thethrottle valve V7 and terminates within the collection tank T1.

Filtering Subsystem

The filtering subsystem 22 is fluidly connected to the output of thecheck valve CV1. The filtering subsystem 22 has a multimedia (or “depth”or “bedded”) filter system F3, an iron removal system F4, a carbonfilter system F5, and a one-micron filter system F6. The filteringsubsystem 22 is downstream of the ozone treatment because the mediafilters F4, F5, F6 of the filtering subsystem 22 are potentialaccumulation points for bacteria. Thus, it is desirable that bacteria bedestroyed through ozone contact prior to the source water reaching themedia filters.

The multimedia filter F3 is connected to three valves. A first manualvalve V9 is connected to the inlet of the filter F3. A second manualvalve V11 is connected to an outlet of the filter F3. A third valve V10is connected between the inlet of the first manual valve V9 and theoutput of the second manual valve V10. In addition, a check valve CV2 isconnected between a second outlet of the filter F3 and the dischargesubsystem 28.

The iron removal filter F4 is connected to three valves. A first manualvalve V12 is connected to the inlet of the filter F4. A second manualvalve V14 is connected to an outlet of the filter F4. A third valve V13is connected between the inlet of the first manual valve V12 and theoutput of the second manual valve V13. In addition, a check valve CV3 isconnected between a second outlet of the filter F4 and the dischargesubsystem 28.

The carbon filter F5 is connected to three valves. A first manual valveV15 is connected to the inlet of the filter F3. A second manual valveV17 is connected to an outlet of the filter F5. A third valve V16 isconnected between the inlet of the first manual valve V15 and the outputof the second manual valve V16. In addition, a check valve CV4 isconnected between a second outlet of the filter F5 and the dischargesubsystem 28. In another embodiment, the one-micron filter system F6 maybe removed entirely, as further discussed below.

The one-micron filter system F6 is separated from the output of theother filters F3, F4, F5 by a manual valve V18, a check valve CV5, andan actuated valve V19. The actuated valve V19 is connected to an inletof the one-micron filter system F6. The check valve CV5 is connectedbetween the actuated valve V19 and the manual valve V18. The one-micronfilter F6 has an outlet that is connected to a throttling valve V20 thatis preferably a needle valve. The actuated valve V19 is normally closed,but is opened by the control system depending on the total dissolvedsolids level in a storage tank T1. A flow meter FLOW2 is connected tothe fluid communication path between the throttling valve V20 and thetank T3.

The filtering subsystem 22 includes four pressure monitors and four testports. A first pressure monitor PM3 and first test port TP3 areconnected at the inlet of the subsystem 22. A second pressure monitorPM4 and second test port TP4 are connected between the manual valves V10and V13. A third pressure monitor PM6 and third test port TP5 areconnected between the manual valves V13 and V16. A fourth pressuremonitor PM5 and fourth test port TP6 are connected downstream of themanual valve V16. Each test port is a three-way ball valve or other typeof valve that opens the fluid path to the external atmosphere, thusallowing a sample of the fluid within the line to be drawn.

A five-micron filter system F7 is connected to the output of thefiltering subsystem 22 through an actuated valve V21. A tank T2 isconnected to the inlet of the filter system F7. The tank T2 contains ananti-scaling solution. A second pump PMP2 is fluidly connected to thetank T2 and the inlet of the filter F7.

RO Subsystem

An output of the filter system F7 is connected to an inlet of ahigh-pressure pump PMP3. A pressure monitor PM7 andtotal-dissolved-solids monitor TDS1 are connected to the fluid linebetween the filter F7 and the pump P3. The outlet of the pump PMP3 isconnected to the RO subsystem 24. More specifically, the outlet of thepump PMP3 is connected to a reverse-osmosis (RO) array F8 through athrottling valve V22, which allows the operator to adjust the pressurereceived by the RO array F8.

As used herein, a “throttling valve” is any valve used in to controlflow rate and that is never fully closed. In this embodiment, a“throttling valve” is a ball valve that is partially closed to varyingdegrees. Such a valve, however, could also be a gate valve or abutterfly valve.

The RO array F8 includes a first stage 50 and a second stage 52. Thefirst stage 50 has an inlet 54, a primary outlet 56, and a secondaryoutlet 58. The second stage 52 has an inlet 60, a primary outlet 62, anda secondary outlet 64. The secondary outlet 54 is connected to the inlet60 of the second stage 52. The primary outlets 56, 62 are connected toactuated valves V23, V24 through visual flow rate gauge VF1.

The output of valve V23 is fluidly connected through check valve CV9 toa storage tank T3 and to the outlet of the one-micron filter F6 throughneedle valve V20. The output of V24 is fluidly connected to dischargetank T5 through check valve CV6.

The secondary outlet 64 of the second stage 52 is connected to inlets ofneedle valves V25, V26. The output of needle valve V25 is connected tothe inlet of the high-power pump PMP3 through visual flow rate gauge VF2and check valve CV7. The outlet of needle valve V26 is connected to thedischarge tank T5 through visual flow rate gauge VF3 and check valveCV8.

The pretreatment subsystem 20 is upstream of the filtration subsystem 22because the RO membranes in the RO subsystem 24 cannot tolerate theozone or other oxidants introduced in the pretreatment subsystem 20. Thefiltration subsystem 22 removes the oxidants as water passes through andremoves the suspended solids that would clog or otherwise affect the ROmembranes in the RO subsystem 24.

Distribution/Monitoring

The storage tank T3 has a minimum five-hundred fifty gallon capacity. Acirculation pump PMP4 has an inlet fluidly connected to the tank T3through manual valve V27 and an outlet fluidly connected to the tank T3through manual valve V28.

A monitoring subsystem is connected to the outlet of the pump PMP4. Themonitoring subsystem includes a throttle valve 70 and a check valveCV12. The monitoring subsystem also includes a total-dissolved-solidsmonitor TDS3, a pH monitor PH1, and a chlorine monitor CL1 connected tothe output of the check valve CV12 through a monitoring block 72. Theoutput of the monitoring subsystem is in fluid communication with thestorage tank T3. A test port TP is connected to the outlet of the pumpPMP4.

The distribution subsystem 26 is in selective fluid communication withthe tank T3. The distribution subsystem 26 includes a pump PMP6 with aninlet in fluid communication with the tank T3 through a manual valveV29. The outlet of the pump PMP6 is fluidly connected through a checkvalve CV10 to a pressure tank T6, actuated valves V30, V31, and apressure monitor PM9. The output of the actuated valve V30 is fluidlyconnected to the discharge tank T5. The outlet of the actuated valve V31is connected to an ice machine through valve V32, a container fillingstation through valves V36, V37, and V38 and carbon filter F9, and asafety wash system through valves V33. The outlet of the tank T6 mayalso be connected to camp housing units through manual valves V39, V41.

A carbon filter F9 is incorporated to remove the chlorine residual justprior to filling at the filling station. This improves taste fordrinking. A push button is used to activate the fill station. Sixtyseconds are provided for filling a container. The push button activatesthe fill station solenoid valve V37. A separate manual ball valve V38 isincorporated for controlling flow.

Discharge Subsystem

A discharge pump PMP7 has an input fluidly connected to the dischargetank T5 through manual valve V40. The output of the pump PMP7 isconnected to a waste collection location (not shown) through a checkvalve CV11.

System Operation Initial Treatment and Collection

Source water is delivered to the system under pressure and flows intothe system through the inlet 30 of the pretreatment subsystem 20. Undernormal operating conditions, V1 is open to allow the source water toflow and enter the sand separator filter F1. The sand separator filterF1 cyclonically separates sand, silt, and other heavy suspended solidsfrom the source water. The separated solids accumulate at the bottom ofthe filter F1. The remaining water exits the filter F1 for furtherprocessing in the system.

Accumulated solids in filter F1 occasionally need to be removed. Toremove, or “blow down,” the accumulated solids, the control system opensvalve V2 for a certain time period, at selected time intervals, thusallowing the accumulated solids to exit. The time period valve V2 isopened (i.e., the “blow down length time”) and the time interval betweenopenings (i.e., the “blow down interval”) is site specific and variesaccording to the concentration of sand, silt, or other heavy suspendedsolids in the source water at a particular site. As such, theseparameters are programmable into the control system. For example, thecontrol system may be programmed for a five second blow down length oftime and a one hour blow down interval, meaning valve V2 would open forfive seconds every hour.

As shown in FIG. 2A at step S1, the blow down control for the sandseparator uses two timers. The first is the blow down interval timermeasures the time interval between openings of actuated valve V2. Theblow down interval may be set from every one hour to every twenty-fourhours depending on the makeup of the source water. The second timermeasures the blow down length time and may be adjusted from a minimumtime period of five seconds to a maximum time period of fifteen seconds.Waste water resulting from the blow down operation is directed to thedischarge tank T5.

From the sand separator filter F1, the water flows across inlet waterpressure monitor PM1. The inlet water pressure monitor PM1 determines ifthe inlet water pressure of the source water delivered to the system istoo high or too low for safe operation. The desired inlet water pressurewith no flow is 70 psi, and with flow is approximately fifty psi. Asshown in FIG. 2A at step S2, a high pressure parameter and two lowpressure parameters are programmed into the control system. The highpressure parameter is set based on the safe pressure limits for pipe andconnections on the inlet line. The normal warning level is set at 85 psito provide ample warning prior to the limit of 120 psi being reached.The warning level pressure can be adjusted upward or downward to fit theparticular circumstances of the site where the system is installed. Ifthe high pressure parameter is reached a warning condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of asolid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

There are also two low pressure parameters programmed into the controlsystem to ensure inlet pressure measured at PM1 is sufficient for properoperation of sand separator filter F1, passage of water through thefilter F2, and proper operation of injector I. The first parameter isset at 25 psi, a level high enough to continue operations, butindicative of a dropping pressure condition that should be noted andcorrected if possible. If this first low pressure parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer. The second low pressure parameter is set at 20 psi, a level ofpressure indicative of improper supply capacity that will result in ashortage of water for processing. If this second low pressure parameteris reached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer. The system is allowed to continue running evenin alarm condition, however, because the sand separation and oxidantinjection are not critical control points, and downstream treatments canmanage the duty for short periods.

From PM1, the water flows through valves V3 and V4. As shown in FIG. 2Aat step S3, the level monitor LVL1 periodically provides data to thecontrol system that is representative of the water level to controloperation of actuated valve V4. When the minimum fluid level in tank T1is reached, LVL1 notifies the control system and the control systemsends a signal to open valve V4, thus allowing source water to flow intothe system. When the maximum fluid level in tank T1 is reached, LVL1notifies the control system and the control system sends a signal toclose valve V4. The minimum and maximum fluid levels can be adjustedbased on changing conditions such as water temperature, air temperature,inlet pressure, or organic load in the source water. For example, theminimum fluid level may be set so that valve V4 is opened when the fluidlevel in tank T1 is 100 gallons and the maximum fluid level may be setso that valve V4 closes when the fluid level in tank T1 reaches 140gallons.

From V4, the water flows into the filter F2. As noted, filter F2 removessuspended solids of a particular size, which, in the present embodiment,are particles greater than one-hundred microns. Filtered water exits thefilter F2 and migrates through the fluid communication path acrosspressure monitor PM2.

As shown in step S4 in FIG. 2A, the control system measures pressure atPM2 to determine whether sufficient pressure exists after water passesthrough filter F2. A low pressure parameter programmed into the controlsystem indicates whether sufficient pressure exists for the injector Idownstream of PM2 will operate properly. Falling below the low pressureparameter at PM2 may indicate that the filter F2 needs to be cleaned orchanged. The low pressure parameter may be set to 15 psi or some othervalue, dependent upon the makeup of the injector I. If the pressure atPM2 falls below the low pressure parameter a warning condition isindicated by posting a message to the control system and by illuminationof a solid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

After flowing past PM2, the water proceeds into the injector I orthrough valve V6. As the water moves through the injector I, ozonegenerated by the ozone generator O3 is drawn into the water through theinjector I. The parallel valve V6 may be used to adjust the flow ratethrough the injector I, thereby adjusting the rate of injection of O3.Once the water exits injector I or valve V6 it flows out of the outlet32 and into the collection tank T1. Because the outlet 32 is preferablybelow the surface of any water already contained in the tank T1, theentrained ozone is inhibited from immediately exiting the water. Inaddition, positioning the outlet below the liquid surface promotesmixing of the tank contents and inhibits tank settling.

In the tank T1, the injected ozone or other oxidant kills bacteria inthe water, oxidizes iron and manganese, destructs hydrogen sulfide ifpresent, and destroys algae and other spores. Preferably, the contacttime of the injected ozone and the water is at least ten minutes toensure proper oxidation. The contact time is a primarily dependent uponthe size of collection tank T1, with a 160 gallon tank T1 provingsufficient.

In tank T1, level monitor LVL1 monitors and reports the fluid level backto the control system, as shown in step S5 in FIG. 2A. A high fluidlevel parameter and two low fluid level parameters are programmed intothe control system. The high level parameter in this embodiment is setto 155 gallons, which is five gallons less than the maximum volume oftank T1. If the high level parameter is exceeded an alarm condition isindicated by posting a message to the control system and by illuminationof a blinking red light on the exterior of the trailer. The first lowfluid level parameter is set for 25 gallons to provide an indicationthat tank T1 is nearly empty and the incoming water supply cannot meetthe demand of water exiting tank T1. Falling below the first low fluidlevel parameter causes an alarm condition which is indicated by postinga message to the control system and by illumination of a blinking redlight on the exterior of the trailer. Additionally, other alarms mayoccur in conjunction with this if the problem is related to a low inletpressure at PM1 or a low post-filter F2 pressure at PM2. Together, thesealarms provide quick recognition of the underlying problem related to alow tank T1. Further, rising above the first low fluid level parametercauses the control system to notify downstream subsystems to “wake up”and operate in the start-up phase of operation.

The second low fluid level parameter measured in tank T1 is one thatcauses shutdown of the system if reached. This parameter is set for 20gallons, which is considered the minimum water volume for pump PMP1 tooperate without cavitation. If the fluid level in tank T1 reaches thesecond low fluid level parameter an alarm condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of a solidred light on the exterior of the trailer. After receiving this message,the control system issues a command that prevents PMP1 from operatingand prevents RO subsystem 24 operation.

Downstream of the collection tank T1, pump PMP1 is activated by thecontrol system when valve V4 is opened, when the valve V21 is opened, orwhen a backwash sequence is started for any of the filters in the filtersubsystem 22. In the case of a backwash sequence, PMP1 will supply waterto the filter subsystem 22 to accomplish the backwash. If the ROsubsystem 24 is running at a point when a filter in the filter subsystem22 needs to backwash, the control system will stop the RO subsystem 24and will continue to run pump PMP1 to supply the filter backwash need.When the backwash is complete, the control system will signal the ROsubsystem 24 to continue operation and pump PMP1 will continue to run tosupport that operation. Also, if the collection tank T1 is still in fillmode when a backwash or RO subsystem 24 operation is complete, the pumpPMP1 will continue to run until the tank T1 has filled to the shut offlevel.

When actuated, the supply pump PMP1 draws water from the tank T1 anddelivers the water through the check valve CV1. Pump PMP1 re-pressurizesthe contents of the collection tank T1 for use downstream. Pump PMP1 issized to provide the water flow rate and pressure needed for correctoperation of downstream subsystems. An expected pressure drop of 3-5 psiis expected through each filter of the filter subsystem 22 and the 5micron filter F7. A minimum pressure following these filters is 5 psi,at the required flow rate demand of the RO subsystem 24. For a 6000gallon per day demand, this flow rate at pump PMP1 is calculated to betwo times (2×) the output, or 8.3 gallons per minute (gpm). Therefore,pump PMP1 is chosen based on its ability to provide 8.3 gpm at a minimumof 25 psi, with a safety factor of 2, or 50 psi.

From pump PMP1 water is output to the check valve CV1. From CV1, themajority of the water enters the filtering subsystem 22. Some of thewater exiting CV1, however, flows through throttle valve V7, flows pastthe ORP monitor probe ORP1, and delivers the water back to the tank T1.Probe ORP1 provides a reading that is relative to the ozone level in thewater and the oxidation that has occurred. The ORP probe ORP1 provides aconstant analog reading to the control system. The control system thenprovides a control signal back to the ozone generator O3 to selectivelyintroduce more ozone into the water stream if necessary. Thisautomatically maintains the desired reading for the water in thecollection tank T1 that relates to bacteria, iron, manganese and sulfideoxidation. If the oxidation reduction potential reading drops belowoperator-set level, the system will provide a warning or alarm.

A desired ORP reading is 500 mv, which indicates that the water has astrong oxidation potential. This indicates the components consumingoxygen are no longer present, meaning the organic load has beendestroyed. High and low parameters are defined to provide warnings andalarms on either side of this preferred reading, as shown in step S6 inFIG. 2A. These parameters are as follows:

High Level Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is set for 1000 my,which is 20% less than the maximum desired ORP reading. When thisparameter is exceeded a warning condition is indicated by posting amessage to the control system and by illumination of a solid amber lighton the exterior of the trailer.

High Level Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is set for 1250 my,which is the maximum desired ORP reading. Readings above this level maycause long term damage to the downstream filtration units. When thisparameter is exceeded an alarm condition is indicated by posting amessage to the control system and by illumination of a blinking redlight on the exterior of the trailer. Because the system can stillfunction for short periods of time with ORP levels this high, a shutdownis not required, however the alarm condition requires acknowledgementand reset to turn off the alarm, thus ensuring an operator has noted theproblem.

Low Level Warning (low setting 1): This parameter is set for 100 mv.This level is an indication that the ozone oxidation may not be able tokeep up with the organic load in the source water, either due toexcessive load, or malfunction of the ozone generator. When thisparameter is reached a warning condition is indicated by posting amessage to the control system and by illumination of a solid amber lighton the exterior of the trailer.

Low Level Alarm (low setting 2): This parameter is set for 50 mv. Thislevel is an indication that the ozone generator is unable to providesufficient ozone gas, or that the ozone generator is no longerfunctioning. When this level is reached, an alarm condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of ablinking red light on the exterior of the trailer. Because the systemcan still function for short periods of time with ORP levels this low, ashutdown is not required, however the alarm condition requiresacknowledgement and reset to turn off the alarm, thus ensuring anoperator has noted the problem.

Pre-RO Filtration

Water flowing from PMP1 toward the filtering subsystem 22 flows acrosspressure monitor PM3, which determines if the water pressure enteringthe filtering subsystem 22 is sufficient for proper operation. Thedesired water pressure with no flow is 70 psi, and with flow isapproximately 50 psi. As shown by step S7 in FIG. 2A, a low pressurewarning parameter is programmed into the control system. In thisembodiment the low pressure warning parameter is 20 psi. If the lowpressure warning parameter is reached a warning condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of asolid amber light on the exterior of the trailer. Further, the controlsystem instructs PM3 to disregard the pressure reading during backwashoperations.

Under normal operating conditions, valve V10 is closed while valves V9,V11 are open. Thus, after entering the filtering subsystem 22, watermoves through the multimedia filter system F3, which removes suspendedsolids in the water larger than twenty-five microns. Sometimes referredto as a depth filter, the filter F3 is comprised of layers of differenttypes of media positioned so that the most porous medium is above thenext most porous medium, and so forth, until the least porous medium isat the bottom of the filter F3.

During operation, the control system calculates the pressuredifferential between pressure monitor PM3 and pressure monitor PM4, asshown by step S8 in FIG. 2A to determine if the multi-media filter F3has reached a maximum capacity. In the event that the differentialpressure equals or exceeds a set psi, or a set time has elapsed, abackwash sequence will commence. The parameters involved are as follows:

PSI Differential: Normal setting for maximum differential allowed is 10psi. When this differential is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F3. Uponcompletion of the sequence, the control system will allow the ROsubsystem 24 to operate again, and then compare the differential. If thedifferential is less than 10 psi, the control system allows normaloperations to resume. If the differential it greater than or equal to 10psi, the control system repeats the backwash sequence.

Time Elapsed: Normal setting for maximum time elapsed between backwashis 60 hours. When this time is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F3. Uponcompletion of the backwash sequence, the control system resets the timeclock and allows normal operations to resume.

Pressure monitor PM4 also determines if the water pressure enteringfilter F4 is sufficient for proper operation. The desired water pressurewith no flow is 70 psi, and with flow is approximately 45 psi. As shownby step S9 in FIG. 2A, a low pressure warning parameter is programmedinto the control system. In this embodiment the low pressure warningparameter is 20 psi. If the low pressure warning parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer. Further, the control system instructs PM4 to disregard thepressure reading during backwash operations.

Under normal operating conditions, valve V13 is closed while valves V12,V14 are open. Thus, after exiting the filter F3, the water moves throughthe iron removal filter F4, which removes iron and manganese in thewater to levels that are safe for reverse-osmosis processing. Iron canbe suspended in extremely small size (e.g., sub-micron). The ozoneinjection previously discussed causes dissolved iron to precipitate butto the extent any iron remains, it will be filtered to the twenty-fivemicron threshold by the multimedia filter F3 and then will be removed bythe iron filter F4, which uses an earthy medium with a high affinity tosuspended or dissolved iron.

Downstream of filter F4, the water flows past pressure monitor PM5 wherethe water pressure is measured. During operation, the control systemcalculates the pressure differential between pressure monitor PM4 andpressure monitor PM5, as shown by step S10 in FIG. 2A to determine ifthe iron removal filter F3 has reached a maximum capacity. In the eventthat the differential pressure equals or exceeds a set psi, or a settime has elapsed, a backwash sequence will commence. The parametersinvolved are as follows:

PSI Differential: Normal setting for maximum differential allowed is 10psi. When this differential is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F4. Uponcompletion of the sequence, the control system will allow the ROsubsystem 24 to operate again, and then compare the differential. If thedifferential is less than 10 psi, the control system allows normaloperations to resume. If the differential it greater than or equal to 10psi, the control system repeats the backwash sequence.

Time Elapsed: Normal setting for maximum time elapsed between backwashis 60 hours. When this time is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F4. Uponcompletion of the backwash sequence, the control system resets the timeclock and allows normal operations to resume

Pressure monitor PM5 also determines if the water pressure enteringfilter F5 is sufficient for proper operation. The desired water pressurewith no flow is 70 psi, and with flow is approximately 40 psi. As shownby step S11 in FIG. 2A, a low pressure warning parameter is programmedinto the control system. In this embodiment the low pressure warningparameter is 20 psi. If the low pressure warning parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer. Further, the control system instructs PM5 to disregard thepressure reading during backwash operations.

Under normal operating conditions, valve V16 is closed while valves V15,V17 are open. Thus, after exiting the filter F4, the water moves throughthe granular activated carbon filter F5, which removes organic carbon,color, odor, and certain solvents present in the water. Granularactivated carbon has a high affinity to oxidants, include chlorine andozone.

Downstream of filter F5, the water flows past pressure monitor PM6 wherethe water pressure is measured. During operation, the control systemcalculates the pressure differential between pressure monitor PM5 andpressure monitor PM6, as shown by step S12 in FIG. 2B to determine ifthe carbon filter F5 has reached a maximum capacity. In the event thatthe differential pressure equals or exceeds a set psi, or a set time haselapsed, a backwash sequence will commence. The parameters involved areas follows.

PSI Differential: Normal setting for maximum differential allowed is 10psi. When this differential is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F5. Uponcompletion of the sequence, the control system will allow the ROsubsystem 24 to operate again, and then compare the differential. If thedifferential is less than 10 psi, the control system allows normaloperations to resume. If the differential it greater than or equal to 10psi, the control system repeats the backwash sequence.

Time Elapsed: Normal setting for maximum time elapsed between backwashis 60 hours. When this time is reached, the control system stops the ROsubsystem 24 and starts the backwash sequence for filter F5. Uponcompletion of the backwash sequence, the control system resets the timeclock and allows normal operations to resume

Pressure monitor PM6 also determines if the water pressure enteringfilter F7 is sufficient for proper operation. The desired water pressurewith no flow is 70 psi, and with flow is approximately 35 psi. As shownby step S13 in FIG. 2A, a low pressure warning parameter is programmedinto the control system. In this embodiment the low pressure warningparameter is 20 psi. If the low pressure warning parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer. Further, the control system instructs PM6 to disregard thepressure reading during backwash operations.

Each of the filters F3, F4, F5 in the filtering subsystem 22 may bebypassed. Filter F3 may be bypassed by closing valves V9, V11 andopening valve V10. Filter F4 may be bypassed by closing valves V12, V14and opening valve V13. Filter F5 may be bypassed by closing valves V15,V17 and opening valve V16. Bypassing these valves may become necessaryfor repair operations or for other reasons.

As noted, each filter has an analog transmitting pressure sensor (PM3,PM4, PM5, and PM6, respectively) that monitors the water pressure beforeand after the filter. Data representative of the pressure at eachmonitor's probe is provided to the control system. The pressuredifferential between the two sensors is calculated by the control systemand if the pressure differential across one or more of the filtersexceeds a system parameter (e.g., 10 psi), a filter backwash sequencewill be initiated. The “backwash” reverses the flow of water through thefilter and causes the suspended solids to flow up through the media bedand exit the filter through a secondary outlet, through a check valve(CV2, CV3, or CV4), and to the discharge system 28.

Initiation of a backwash sequence also stops water flow to the reverseosmosis system (i.e., pump PMP1 is de-energized) until the backwash iscomplete. When the backwash is complete, if the pressure differentialremains, the system will provide a warning, alarm, or shutdown asnecessary.

As water exits the filtration subsystem 22, it encounters check valveCV5 and actuated valve V21. The path of water through check valve CV5 isdiscussed infra. Valve V21 controls whether water flows into the ROsubsystem 24 and the control system opens and closes valve V21 based onthe fluid level in storage tank T3 or based on the amount of time thathas passed since the last RO subsystem 24 flush, as shown by step S14 inFIG. 2C.

When actuation of valve V21 is controlled by the fluid level in tank T3,an analog fluid level monitor LVL2 in the tanks T3 periodically providesdata to the control system that is representative of the water level inthe tank T3. When the minimum fluid level in tank T3 is reached, LVL1notifies the control system and the control system sends a signal toopen valve V21, thus allowing water to flow into the RO subsystem 24.When the maximum fluid level in tank T3 is reached, LVL2 notifies thecontrol system and the control system sends a signal to close valve V21.The minimum and maximum fluid levels can be adjusted based on changingconditions such as water temperature, air temperature, or water demand.For example, the minimum fluid level may be set so that valve V21 isopened when the fluid level in tank T3 is 400 gallons and the maximumfluid level may be set so that valve 21 closes when the fluid level intank T3 reaches 460 gallons, which is 88% of the total volume of tankT3.

When actuation of valve V21 is controlled by the time interval that haspassed since the last time valve V21 was opened. This time interval isprogrammed into the control system and is dependent on the amount oftime that water can be stagnant in the RO membranes without negativelyaffecting them. For example, the timer may be set to 180 minutes so thatthe RO subsystem gets flushed at least every 3 hours. The timer alsomeasures the run time of the flush sequence to ensure that the ROmembranes are sufficiently flushed. The run time of the flush sequencemay be three minutes, or more or less, depending on the specification ofthe RO membranes. Once the required run time of the RO subsystem flushhas expired, the control system closes valve V21.

When valve V21 is opened and water passes through the RO subsystem 24,one of two valves V23, V24 opens downstream of the RO subsystem 24.Which valve V23, V24 opens depends upon the level of total dissolvedsolids (TDS) in the water output from the RO subsystem 24, as measuredat TDS monitor TDS2. After valve V23 or valve V24 opens, a fifteensecond timer begins and at the end of fifteen seconds pump PMP3activates. When V21 is closed due to possible alarm conditions, becausetank T3 is full, or because an RO flush sequence has completed, pumpPMP3 de-activates and a fifteen second timer begins. At the end offifteen seconds, valves V23, V24 are closed.

Once valve V21 is opened, water exits the filtration subsystem 22, theinjection pump PMP2 selectively introduces the anti-scaling solutionfrom tank T2 at an injection point before the five-micron filter F7.Pump PMP2 is automatically activated when valve V21 is opened. Theanti-scaling solution inhibits scaling on the RO membranes by selectmineral content in the water and is held in a calculated dilute ratio ona tank T2. The amount of anti-scaling solution injected may vary, and ithas been found that three parts per million of an anti-scaling solutionsold by King Lee Technologies will suffice.

The control system prevents the RO subsystem 24 from operating ifanti-scaling is not being injected; therefore, tank T2 has a levelmonitor and associated parameters for low level alarm and shutdown ofthe system, as shown by step S15 in FIG. 2C. The first low fluid levelparameter is set for 2 gallons to provide an indication that tank T2 isnearly empty, with enough anti-scaling for approximately 2 days ofcontinued operation. Falling below the first low fluid level parametercauses an alarm condition which is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer. The second low fluid level parameter measuredin tank T2 is one that causes shutdown of the system if reached. Thisparameter is set for 0.5 gallons, which is considered the minimum watervolume to keep pump PMP2 primed. If the fluid level in tank T2 reachesthe second low fluid level parameter an alarm condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of a solidred light on the exterior of the trailer. After receiving this message,the control system issues a command that prevents PMP2 and the ROsubsystem 24 from operating.

Downstream of the injection point for anti-scaling solution, the waterpasses through the five-micron cartridge filter F7. The filter F7removes any suspended solids larger than five microns and also acts toblend the anti-scaling solution with the water flow.

Water flowing from filter F7 toward the RO subsystem 24 flows acrosspressure monitor PM7, which determines if the water pressure enteringthe RO subsystem 24 is sufficient for proper operation. The desiredwater pressure with no flow is 70 psi, and with flow is approximately 30psi.

As shown by step S16 in FIG. 2C, several low pressure parameters areprogrammed into the control system as measured from PM7. A first lowpressure parameter is set at 5 psi, which may indicate a pressure/flowissue in the supply line or be due to filter capacity overload. If thefirst low pressure parameter is reached a warning condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of asolid amber light on the exterior of the trailer. The RO subsystem 24will still operate at this first low pressure parameter, but thecondition needs to be addressed. A second low pressure parameter is setat 3 psi, which is indicative of an impending failure of filter F7, orin combination with other pressure alarms may indicate a failure of anupstream pump or filter operation. If the second low pressure parameteris reached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer. The RO subsystem 24 will still operate at thissecond low pressure parameter, but the condition needs to be addressed.Finally, a third low pressure parameter is set at 1 psi, which is apressure level that will begin to damage components of the system andthe system must be shut down. If the third low pressure parameter isreached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a solid red light on the exteriorof the trailer. After receiving this message, the control system issuesa command that prevents PMP3 and the RO subsystem 24 from operating andthe system must be examined and reset before normal operation cancontinue.

After pressure monitor PM7, the total-dissolved-solids monitor TDS1provides to the control system data representative of the water qualityafter all pre-RO filtering has been achieved. Measuring the totaldissolved solids at TDS1 provides information related to the water thatis helpful to understand the water quality to be processed through theRO subsystem. If the value is above the system threshold control system,the system will provide a warning, alarm, or shut down as needed. Asshown by step S17 in FIG. 2C, parameters associated with TDS1 are asfollows:

TDS High Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is normally set at1500 parts per million (ppm). This indicates a high salt content wateror other parameters and requires consideration for analysis of thewater. When this parameter is exceeded a warning condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of asolid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

TDS High Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 2000,but may be adjusted based on location and conditions. Levels above 2000ppm may require exchange of the RO membranes in order to perform ionremoval effectively, and triggers the requirement for a water analysisto be completed. When this parameter is reached an alarm condition isindicated by posting a message to the control system and by illuminationof a blinking red light on the exterior of the trailer

If the monitor TDS1 indicates total dissolve solids following pre-ROfiltration is within acceptable parameters. Typically, the high-pressurepump PMP3 is actuated twenty seconds after actuation of PMP1. Thehigh-pressure pump PMP3 introduces the filtered water to the RO membranearray F8 and is controlled by a variable frequency drive. This drivecontrols the speed of the pump in order to produce a given pressure asset by the operator, in accordance with manufacturer settings for the ROmembranes. The pressure setting is derived by calculation based on thedesired output from the RO subsystem 24 and the pressure rating of thesurrounding equipment.

After exiting PMP3, water flows through needle valve V22 to pressuremonitor PM8. Pressure monitor PM8 determines if the water pressureentering the RO membranes is within acceptable parameters for properoperation. The desired water pressure with no flow is 0 psi, and withflow is approximately 185 psi, but this setting will vary depending onthe membrane type used and the water quality and water temperature. Thesetting will be calculated and set at the start-up of operation by aqualified engineer. Several pressure parameters are measured at pressuremonitor PM8 to ensure proper system operation, as shown by step S18 inFIG. 2D. There are as follows:

Low Pressure Level Warning (low setting 1): This parameter is set for100 psi, which indicates pump PMP3 may be partially clogged or wearingof the impellers has occurred. The RO subsystem 24 will still operate atthis pressure level, but the condition needs to be addressed. When thisparameter is reached a warning condition is indicated by posting amessage to the control system and by illumination of a solid amber lighton the exterior of the trailer.

High Pressure Level Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is set for220 psi, which is a pressure above normal and may indicate a climb inpressure that will become harmful to the RO subsystem 24. The ROsubsystem 24 will still operate at this pressure level, but thecondition needs to be addressed. When this parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer.

High Pressure Level Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is set for225 psi, which indicates a continued climb of pressure and could becomeharmful to the RO subsystem 24 over long periods. An adjustment of thepressure is necessary at this time and the condition must beacknowledged by an operator. When this parameter is reached an alarmcondition is indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a blinking red light on the exterior of the trailer.

High Pressure Level Alarm (high setting 3): This parameter is set for230 psi, which is within 10 percent of the pressure rating of themembrane housings and associated piping. When this parameter is reachedan alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid red light on the exterior of thetrailer. After receiving this message, the control system issues acommand that prevents PMP3 and the RO subsystem 24 from operating andthe system must be examined and corrected, with a reset required priorto resuming operations.

When valve V21 is open and assuming normal operation of the system, theRO membrane array F8 receives water from the high-pressure pump PMP3 atthe first stage 50. By the nature of the membrane, first portion of thereceived water will flow through the first stage 50, whereas a secondportion of the water will flow to the second stage 52 still carryingminerals. Some of the water entering the second stage 52 passes throughthe membrane, whereas some of the water is rejected by the second stage52 along with dissolved minerals.

Rejected water from the RO membrane array flows from the secondaryoutlet 64 to the needle valves V25, 26. At the needle valves V25, V26,the rejected water may be directed back to PMP3 through visual gaugeVF2, to the discharge tank via V26, or some combination of both.Rejected water directed through valve V25 becomes recycled water that isagain run through the RO array F8.

Water passing through the first stage 50 or second stage 52 flows toflow monitor Flow1 in FIG. 1B. At flow monitor Flow1 informationregarding the RO subsystem 24 flow output is provided to give feedbackon the RO membrane output relative to the pressure and to help monitoroperation of the membranes. The parameters associated with the flow atflow monitor Flow1 are shown by step S19 in FIG. 2D as follows:

Process Flow Low Warning: This parameter is set at 1 gpm. This level offlow indicates an impending failure of the RO membranes related to scaleor organic fouling. The RO subsystem can continue to run and produce anyoutput possible, but provides the warning that the membranes will needto be cleaned or replaced. When this parameter is reached a warningcondition is indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

Once the water passes flow monitor Flow1 (or FLW1 in FIG. 2D), the watercontinues through total-dissolved-solids monitor TDS2 and through valveV23 or valve V24. At the valves V23, V24, the water is either directedto the discharge tank T5 or the storage tank T3—i.e., only one of V23and V24 is open at any given time. The control system opens either V23or V24 based on data received from monitor TDS2. Because the membranesare not designed to handle backpressure, when V21 is open, either one ofvalve V23 or valve V24 is also open, as discussed supra.

Total-dissolved-solids monitor TDS2 provided TDS information related tothe water processed through the RO subsystem 24. The result of thismeasurement determines the path of the water and is driven by a setpoint that is considered “good water”. This set point is determinedbased on the incoming water TDS and is programmed into the controlsystem by the qualified engineer at time of start-up. Unless conditionsdictate otherwise, the set point for this parameter is 20 ppm. As shownby step S20 in FIG. 2D, the activities associated with this set pointare as follows:

TDS>Set Point: Upon activation of the RO subsystem 24, the Bad Watervalve V24 will be opened and the Good Water valve V23 will be closed.This diverts product water to the discharge tank T5 to be disposed of,as shown in FIG. 2B. Upon opening of valve V23, a timer will begin. Thistimer is normally set at 5 minutes, which is the allotted time to allowthe RO membranes to rinse down and produce “Good Water.” If the timerexpires and the water is still above the TDS set point, an alarmcondition is indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer. Afterreceiving this message, the control system issues a command thatprevents PMP3 and the RO subsystem 24 from operating and the system mustbe examined and corrected, with a reset required prior to resumingoperations.

TDS<Set point: During RO subsystem 24 operation, the Good Water valveV23 is opened and the Bad Water valve V24 is closed. This will directthe product water to the product water tank T3 for use.

Water from filter F6 may be introduced to the flow line of water fromvalve V23 toward the collection tank T3. Water flow from filter F6 isinitiated by actuated valve V19. The control system opens valve V19based upon the level of total dissolved solids in the collection tankT3, as measured by total-dissolved-solids monitor TDS3. When the totaldissolved solids in the collection tank T3 reach a certain set pointprogrammed into the control system, valve V19 is opened and waterflowing from carbon filter F5 is directed through filter F6. Filter F6is preferably a 1 micron filter. When the total dissolved solids in thecollection tank T3 fall below the set point programmed into the controlsystem, valve V19 is closed. The purpose of allowing water to flow fromfilter F6 is to add mineral content back to the product tank as neededto improve taste and body of the water.

The value that determines if the valve will be open or closed isnormally set at 20 ppm total dissolved solids, but may be modified basedon water analysis, water temperature, and judgment by the engineer. Theoperation of valve V19 is shown by step S21 in FIG. 2C. If the producttank TDS<Product tank TDS low setting, open the RO bypass control valveV19. A manual flow control needle valve V20 determines the flow rate tothe tank T3. When the Product tank TDS>Product tank TDS low setting,close the RO bypass control valve V19.

The volume of product water received by the collection tank T3 ismonitored by an analog level sensor LVL2. This measurement is displayedas a tank level in gallons, and trigger points from this sensordetermine when processed water should flow into this tank, or stop. Thissystem also uses information from this sensor to determine if the tanklevel is too high, or too low and provides warnings, alarms, andshutdown messages as necessary.

In FIG. 2E, the input of the sensor LVL2 to the control system isdemonstrated at step S22 with the following parameters:

Low Level Warning (low setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 200gallons. This provides a warning of impending shortage of water whileoperations are still normal. This warning level is also used as theminimum level of water to allow for distribution in a start-up sequence.When this parameter is reached a warning condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of a solidamber light on the exterior of the trailer

Low Level Alarm (low setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 180gallons. This provides an alarm with approximately 20 gallons, or 5minutes, of operation remaining prior to shut down. When this parameteris reached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer.

Low Level Shutdown (low setting 3): This parameter is normally set at160 gallons. This level is the minimum at which the distribution pumpPMP6 can run without cavitation. When this parameter is reached an alarmcondition is indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer. Afterreceiving this message, the control system issues a command that stopspump PMP6 and closes distribution valve V31. A reset of the system willbe required to start operations again.

High Level Shutdown (high setting): This parameter is set at 700 gallonsand represents the maximum water level that allows operation of thelevel sensor. When this parameter is reached an alarm condition isindicated by posting a message to the control system and by illuminationof a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer. After receivingthis message, the control system issues a command that suspendsoperation of the RO subsystem 24 until the level of fluid in tank T3returns to the normal activation height, as discussed supra inconnection with operation of control valve V21.

Water in the collection tank T3 is monitored by the post-treatmentmonitoring subsystem, which includes total-dissolved-solids monitorTDS3. The control system will not energize distribution pump PMP6 unlesspH, total dissolved solids, and chorine measurements are withinoperator-defined acceptable ranges.

To monitor these parameters, the circulation pump PMP4 pulls water fromthe tank T3 and displaces it through a manifold 72 and back to the tankT3. The return line is preferably reduced and submerged in the tank,causing a mixing action.

The manifold 72 contains a throttling valve V28, test port TP,total-dissolved-solids monitor TDS3, a chlorine injection point, and asmall bleed line that provides a side stream of water to a probe wellcontaining a free chlorine monitor probe CL1 and a pH monitor probe pH1.The circulation pump PMP4 activates and runs anytime water is beingintroduced to the product tank T3 while the tank water level is above anoperator-defined minimum. In addition, the pump activates every fifteenminutes that water from the RO array F8 product water is not introducedinto the tank T3, as shown by step S23 in FIG. 2E.

At each activation, the pump PMP4 is energized for 2 minutes toestablish a mixing flow prior to any reaction to the monitor readings.After the two-minute period, the free chlorine level provided from thechlorine monitor CL1 is compared by the control system to a set point.Depending on the difference between the set point and reading, thecontrol system will energize the chlorine injection pump PMP5 tointroduce chlorine into the tank T3. The concentrated chlorine solutionsuch as sodium hypochlorite is stored in a tank T4 connected to theinjection pump PMP5. If the chlorine level falls below the minimum, orgoes above the maximum designated parameter, the system will provide awarning, alarm, or shut down as necessary.

In FIG. 2F, the input of chlorine monitor CL1 to the control system andoperation of pump PMP5 is demonstrated at step S24. When activated, thepump PMP5 operates based on a variable signal generated in relation tothe measured chlorine level, and ramps up or down as necessary toachieve the correct setting. A PID loop is utilized to manage the pumpspeed. The normal setting for chlorine level in the product water is 0.4ppm free chlorine. The RO subsystem 24 is not allowed to operate if thechlorine tank T4 is empty and therefore chlorine is not being injected.Therefore tank T4 has a level monitor and associated parameters for lowlevel alarm and shutdown of the system, with the following parameters:

Low Level Alarm (low setting 1): This parameter is set at 2 gallons,which equals approximately 2 days remaining supply. When this parameteris reached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer.

Low Level Shutdown (low setting 2): This parameters is set at 0.5gallons, which is the minimum fluid level to keep the injection pumpprimed. When this parameter is reached an alarm condition is indicatedby posting a message to the control system and by illumination of asolid red light on the exterior of the trailer. After receiving thismessage, the control system issues a command that stops the RO subsystem24 until the condition is resolved.

Because completely filtered water does not taste good, a designated setpoint for the total dissolved solids in the product tank is monitored bythe system. If the TDS level is below this set point, a bypass solenoidvalve V19 will open to allow fully filtered (including additionalone-micron filter F6) water, to enter the tank T3 as discussed supra.The flow rate of this bypass is controlled by a throttling valve V20 toensure excess pressure is not lost through the bypass. This bypass flowwill increase the total-dissolved solids in the product tank T3 to theset point, which generally improves the taste and body of the productwater as opposed to when there are no dissolved solids. The controlsystem will activate the valve V19 as necessary to meet the TDS setpoint.

In an alternative embodiment, instead of the one-micron filter F6, thesystem operator may deposit various desirable mineral salts into thechlorine tank T4 that will be injected with chlorine into the productwater tank T3. For example, if the tank T4 has a ten-gallon capacity,one appropriate mixture may be 200 mL of 5% bleach and 200 mL of mineralsalt. As data from the chlorine monitor triggers the control system toenergize the pump PMP4, the mineral salts are also injected into the 550gallon tank T3 to provide a more desirable taste relative to completelypurified water.

TDS monitor TDS3 also monitors the total dissolved solids in tank T3 toensure that do not fall below the minimum or go above the maximumdesignated parameter. In FIG. 2E, the input of TDS monitor TDS3 to thecontrol system is shown by step S25, with the following parameters:

TDS High Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 70ppm TDS, which is a level indicative that the bypass system may beover-supplying water to the product tank T3. When this parameter isreached a warning condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a solid amber light on theexterior of the trailer.

TDS High Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 100ppm TDS, which indicates that the TDS level is continuing to climb andthere is a failure in either the bypass valve V21 or the RO membranes.When this parameter is reached an alarm condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of ablinking red light on the exterior of the trailer

TDS High Shutdown (high setting 3): This parameter is normally set at200 ppm TDS, which indicates a definite failure in the system andrequires shutdown of the distribution pump until the water can beanalyzed and/or the failure repaired. When this parameter is reached analarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the control systemand by illumination of a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer.After receiving this message, the control system issues a command thatstops pump PMP6 and closes distribution valve V31 until the condition isresolved.

The pH of the water in tank T3 is monitored by PH1, which delivers pHinformation to the chlorine analyzer to ensure the CL readings areaccurate, and also provides information related to the pH for datagathering purposes. pH is not a critical control point, therefore noshutdown is mandated by the EPA related to this reading, however, thefollowing parameters are associated with it as shown by step S26 in FIG.2F:

pH Low Warning (low setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 5.This provides an indication that the water is on the low end of pleasanttaste and that additional water bypass may be required to helpneutralize the water. When this parameter is reached a warning conditionis indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

pH Low Alarm (low setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 4.5.This provides an indication of continued decline of the pH, or that thepH probe is in need of re-calibration. When this parameter is reached analarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the control systemand by illumination of a blinking red light on the exterior of thetrailer. This alarm must be acknowledged by the operator.

pH Low Shutdown (low setting 3): This parameter is normally set at 4.0.When this parameter is reached an alarm condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of a solidred light on the exterior of the trailer. After receiving this message,the control system issues a command that stops pump PMP6 and closesdistribution valve V31 until the condition is resolved.

pH High Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 9.This provides an indication that the water is on the high end ofpleasant taste and that adjustments in chlorine level or bypass may needto be made to correct the situation. When this parameter is reached awarning condition is indicated by posting a message to the controlsystem and by illumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of thetrailer.

pH High Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 10.This provides an indication of continued rise of the pH, or that the pHprobe is in need of re-calibration. When this parameter is reached analarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the control systemand by illumination of a blinking red light on the exterior of thetrailer. This alarm must be acknowledged by the operator.

pH High Shutdown (high setting 3): This parameter is normally set at 11.This level exceeds normal water standards and requires attention priorto any further distribution of the product water. The shutdown must beacknowledged and reset by an operator. When this parameter is reached analarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the control systemand by illumination of a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer.After receiving this message, the control system issues a command thatstops pump PMP6 and closes distribution valve V31 until the condition isresolved.

If the chlorine level at CL1 falls below the minimum level designated, adistribution solenoid valve V31 will close, preventing delivery of theproduct water to external points of demand. The circulation pump PMP4will run, and the chlorine injection pump PMP5 will be energized toinject sodium hypochlorite. When the level rises above the low setpoint, the distribution solenoid valve 31 will re-open and allow waterto exit.

In the event that the chlorine monitor CL1 detects a chlorine levelabove the maximum level designated, the distribution solenoid valve V31will close, preventing delivery of the product water. The circulationpump PMP4 will run, chlorine injection will be prohibited, and a dumpsolenoid valve V30 will open to move water from the product tank T3 tothe discharge tank T5. The drop in level in the product tank T3 willactivate the RO system, which will add water and prevent injection ofchlorine at the same time, thus causing the chlorine level to drop. Oncethe level is detected at a value lower than the maximum allowed level,the dump valve V30 will close and the distribution valve V31 willreopen. If this attempt to remedy the chlorine level is not successfulwithin a designated time (e.g., 30 minutes), the system will provide analarm and shut down.

In FIG. 2F, the input of chlorine monitor CL1 to the control system isshown by step S25, with the following parameters:

CL Low Warning (low setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 0.25ppm. This provides an indication that the CL level is approaching theminimum EPA required level for potable water supply. When this parameteris reached a warning condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a solid amber light on theexterior of the trailer.

CL Low Alarm (low setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 0.18ppm. This provides an indication of continued decline of the CL level.It indicates that the chlorine injection pump may be failing, or the CLprobe needs to be re-calibrated. When this parameter is reached an alarmcondition is indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a blinking red light on the exterior of the trailer.This alarm must be acknowledged by the operator.

CL Low Shutdown (low setting 3): This parameter is normally set at 0.05ppm. This level indicates a failure in the injection system and requiresa shutdown of the distribution system. When this parameter is reached analarm condition is indicated by posting a message to the control systemand by illumination of a solid red light on the exterior of the trailer.After receiving this message, the control system issues a command thatcloses the distribution valve V31 and opens the dump valve V30. Thechlorine level must recover and the operator must reset the system priorto re-distribution.

CL High Warning (high setting 1): This parameter is normally set at 1.4ppm. This provides an indication that the water is on the high end ofpleasant taste and that the chlorine level is climbing significantlyabove the set point. When this parameter is reached a warning conditionis indicated by posting a message to the control system and byillumination of a solid amber light on the exterior of the trailer.

CL High Alarm (high setting 2): This parameter is normally set at 1.6ppm. This provides an indication of continued rise of the CL level, orthat the CL probe is in need of re-calibration. When this parameter isreached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a blinking red light on theexterior of the trailer. This alarm must be acknowledged by theoperator. This alarm point will cause the CL pump to be disabled untillevels are lowered.

CL High Shutdown (high setting 3): This parameter is normally set at 2.0ppm. This level exceeds normal water standards and requires attentionprior to any further distribution of the product water. The shutdownmust be acknowledged and reset by an operator. When this parameter isreached an alarm condition is indicated by posting a message to thecontrol system and by illumination of a solid red light on the exteriorof the trailer. After receiving this message, the control system issuesa command that closes the distribution valve V31 and opens the dumpvalve V30. The chlorine level must recover and the operator must resetthe system prior to re-distribution.

The discharge water produced from the above processes is directed to andstored in a sixty-five gallon tank discharge storage tank T5 by PMP6.From this tank, the water is delivered to an external delivery pointunder pressure. Backwash water from the filters, RO reject (bad) water,dump valve water, AC system condensate, and Ice System discharge waterare all directed to this tank T5. A pump PMP7 delivers the water fromthe tank T5 to the delivery point. The delivery is intermittent and isbased on an analog level sensor LVL3 that measures and provides a signalto the control system. This is displayed as a tank level in gallons, andtrigger points from this sensor determine when the discharge pump PMP7will activate and de-activate. The control system also uses informationfrom this sensor to determine if the discharge tank level is too high,or too low and provides warnings, alarms, and shutdown messages asnecessary. The check valve CV11 prevents reverse flow of the dischargewater back into the tank T5 once discharged.

In FIG. 2B, the input of level sensor LVL3 to the control system isshown by step S26, with the following parameters:

Discharge Tank Level>High Setting: This parameter is normally set for 25gallons. The control system activated discharge pump PMP7.

Discharge Tank Level<Low Setting: This parameter is normally set for 10gallons. The control system deactivates discharge pump PMP7.

High Level Warning: This parameter is normally set at 56 gallons. Thisis 80% capacity for the tank T5 and indicates that the discharge pumpPMP7 cannot keep up with current delivery rates to the discharge tank.When this parameter is reached a warning condition is indicated byposting a message to the control system and by illumination of a solidamber light on the exterior of the trailer.

High Level Alarm: This parameter is normally set for 65 gallons. This isthe maximum level that allows the level sensor LVL3 to function. Whenthis parameter is reached an alarm condition is indicated by posting amessage to the control system and by illumination of a solid red lighton the exterior of the trailer. After receiving this message, thecontrol system issues a command that stops all operations that sendwater to the discharge tank T5 to allow time for the tank level tolower. The alarm must be acknowledged by the operator.

Pressure is maintained using pump PMP6, pressure tank, and pressuremonitor PM9. The pump PMP6 is connected to the product tank T3. When thecontrol system is activated, pump is energized and pressure begins tobuild into a bladder within the pressure tank T6. An analog transmittingpressure sensor PM9 monitors the water pressure exerted by the pump andprovides the information to the control system. When the pressurereaches the upper designated limit, the system stops the pump PMP6.

If a demand for water is placed on the system, the pressure will declineas water leaves the pressure tank. When the pressure reaches a lowerlimit, the control system will energize the pump PMP6 to build thepressure back up to the upper limit. A check valve CV10 is incorporatedafter the pump PMP6 to prevent water pressure from bleeding back to theproduct storage tank T3. If the pump PMP6 is unable to deliver water ata minimum designated pressure, a warning, alarm and shutdown will occuras necessary.

Typically the system is configured to operate between forty and fiftypsi. When pressure within the bladder of tank T6 drops to forty psi, thecontrol system energizes the distribution pump PMP6, which fills thebladder until the pressure reaches fifty psi.

A piping manifold is located after the pressurization system. Thismanifold contains the distribution solenoid valve V31, dump solenoidvalve V30, a water meter FLOW2, and connection to the final deliverypoints. After the water meter, the delivery points are: externaldistribution connection; ice machine feed line; container fillingstation (includes a carbon filter for chlorine removal); eye washstation; and safety shower station.

The system described above has manual and automated control capability,as well as remote monitoring and messaging capability. A plc system withproprietary code, referred to above as the control system, isincorporated into the design. The plc acts to monitor all input points,and provides outputs based on the code. A human-machine interface (HMI)displays the process graphically, provides control via pushbuttons(manual or automatic), and allows input of parameters that determine theplc operation. Warnings, alarms, and shutdown messages are displayed onthis screen. A network device is incorporated that is connected to arouter. This device allows for remote access through a wirelessconnection. The remote access will display the graphics seen on thehuman machine interface, on any personal computer that has the accesscodes. In addition, operation of the system is available through thisconnection.

The system records and maintains key parameters of the operation anddisplays them on a screen in the human machine interface. The parametersrecorded and displayed include date, time, chlorine level in producttank, pH level in product tank, TDS level in product tank, and totalgallon meter reading.

The data is collected approximately one time per hour and postedautomatically by the plc to a designated display screen on the HMI. Thisdata is also recorded in a csv file and stored on a USB storage devicethat is connected to the human machine interface. One time everytwenty-four hours, the data in the csv file is saved with a specificfile name related to the date stamp. This file is available through theremote connection for download and review.

The system can send an email through the network and wireless connectionanytime an alarm is activated. This constitutes feed forward remotemonitoring and improves the reaction time by a monitoring group inrecognizing and correcting the problem.

In normal operation, the content of the product tank T3 is pressurizedfor delivery to external points of demand. This delivery will beavailable when all parameters are within the designated set points, andif sufficient water level exists in the tank.

FIG. 3 is a side view of a towable trailer 500 containing the systemdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-2. The trailer 500 includes asidewall 502, a door 504, and a front wall 506. The ice productionmachine described with reference to FIG. 1, which is located within thetrailer 500, has an ice delivery chute 508 mounted to the sidewallbetween the door 504 and the front wall 506. An external eye wash 510and a safety shower 512 are mounted to the sidewall 502 near the rear ofthe trailer 500, both of which are connected to and fed by the productwater supply within the trailer 500.

A container fill station 514 is mounted to the sidewall next to the doorand connected to the system within the trailer 500. The container fillstation 514 includes a valve nozzle 516 and a shelf 518. The nozzle 516is positioned above the shelf 518. A container to be filled may beplaced on the shelf with its opening under the nozzle 516, therebyallowing the container to be filled when the valve nozzle 516 is open.

FIG. 4 shows the front wall of the trailer 500 in more detail. Anelectrical panel 520 for the required service to the trailer is mountedto the front wall. The panel 520 allows for power connection, andprovides circuit breaker protection for the trailer operation.

FIG. 5 shows part of the second long side 522 of the trailer 500 in moredetail. An external/internal transfer station 524 is incorporated on theside 522 of the trailer. This station 524 contains four connections: asource water inlet connection 526, which is connected to thepretreatment inlet 30 (see FIG. 1); a discharge water outlet connection528 connected to the discharge pump PMP7 within the trailer 500 (seeFIG. 1); a primary product outlet connection 530 connected to the tankT6 within the trailer 500 (see FIG. 1); and an auxiliary product outletconnection 532 also connected to the tank T6.

The present invention is described in terms of a specifically-describedembodiment. Those skilled in the art will recognize that alternativeembodiments of such device can be used in carrying out the presentinvention. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention may beobtained from a study of this disclosure and the drawings, along withthe appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A water treatment system configured toprocess a water stream under pressure, comprising: i) a wheeled trailercomprising a climate-controlled, enclosed environment and a source waterinlet for receiving the water stream; ii) a filtration subsystemcomprising a multimedia filter, an iron removal system, a carbon filtersystem and optionally a 1-micron filter system within theclimate-controlled, enclosed environment that is configured to removesolids and oxidized iron when present in the water stream to form afiltered water stream; iii) a reverse osmosis subsystem within theclimate-controlled, enclosed environment that purifies a portion of thefiltered water stream to form a purified water stream; iv) a chlorinemonitor and a chlorine injection pump within the climate-controlled,enclosed environment that are configured to adjust a chlorineconcentration of the purified water stream to form a quantity of potablewater; and v) a storage tank within the climate-controlled, enclosedenvironment to contain the quantity of potable water.
 2. The watertreatment system of claim 1, further comprising within theclimate-controlled, enclosed environment, a total dissolved solidssensor, a chlorine sensor, and a pH sensor.
 3. The water treatmentsystem of claim 2, wherein the total dissolved solids sensor, thechlorine sensor, and the pH sensor are configured for remote monitoring.4. The water treatment system of claim 1, further comprising: acirculation pump within the climate-controlled, enclosed environmentthat is operably connected to the storage tank to mix the quantity ofpotable water.
 5. The water treatment system of claim 1, whereintemperature fluctuations are controlled to prevent water condensation inthe climate-controlled, enclosed environment.
 6. The water treatmentsystem of claim 1, wherein the wheeled trailer is towable.
 7. The watertreatment system of claim 1, further comprising: a potable water outletconnected to a camp housing manifold distribution system.
 8. The watertreatment system of claim 7, wherein the source water inlet is connectedto a water supply.
 9. The water treatment system of claim 1, wherein thewater treatment system is on-site at an oil drilling and/or natural gasdrilling site.
 10. The water treatment system of claim 1, wherein thewater stream is non-potable water comprising bacteria, iron, sulfur,sand, organics and/or silt.
 11. The water treatment system of claim 1,wherein the water treatment system is configured to treat at least up to3000 ppm total dissolved solids in the water stream.
 12. The watertreatment system of claim 1, further comprising: a safety shower, an eyewash station, a container fill station, and an ice delivery chute thatare accessible from outside the enclosed environment of the wheeledtrailer.
 13. The water treatment system of claim 12, wherein thechlorine monitor and the chlorine injection pump are configured tomaintain the quantity of potable water at a controlled chlorineconcentration suitable for delivery to the eye wash station.
 14. Thewater treatment system of claim 12, wherein the safety shower, the eyewash station, the container fill station, and the ice delivery chute aremounted on a first side of the wheeled trailer, and the source waterinlet and a potable water outlet are mounted on a second side of thewheeled trailer.
 15. The water treatment system of claim 12, furthercomprising: an electrical power connection that is mounted on anexterior of the wheeled trailer for access from outside the enclosedenvironment of the wheeled trailer.
 16. The water treatment system ofclaim 1, further comprising: an ozone generator configured to oxidizeiron present in the water stream and reduce an organic load of the waterstream.
 17. The water treatment system of claim 16, wherein the watertreatment system is configured to meet a water demand of about 6,000gallons per day.
 18. The water treatment system of claim 16, furthercomprising: a monitoring subsystem configured to provide water qualitydata to a remote monitoring location.
 19. The water treatment system ofclaim 18, wherein the monitoring subsystem is configured to provide oneor more of a chlorination level, a pH measurement, a total dissolvedsolids measurement, and a volume of the quantity of potable water to theremote monitoring location.
 20. The water treatment system of claim 18,further comprising: a control system within the climate-controlled,enclosed environment that enables at least partial control of the watertreatment system from the remote monitoring location.
 21. A watertreatment system configured to process a water stream under pressure,comprising: i) a mobile trailer comprising a climate-controlled,enclosed environment and a source water inlet for receiving the waterstream; ii) within the climate-controlled, enclosed environment: a) apretreatment subsystem that oxidizes iron and organic material presentin the water stream to form an oxidized stream; b) a filtrationsubsystem comprising a multimedia filter, an iron removal system, acarbon filter system and optionally a 1-micron filter system thatremoves solids and oxidized iron present in the oxidized stream to forma filtered water stream; c) a reverse osmosis subsystem that purifies aportion of the filtered water stream to form a purified water stream;and d) a chlorine monitor and a chlorine injection pump that areconfigured to adjust a chlorine concentration of the portion of thepurified water stream to form a quantity of potable water; iii) acontrol system for the water treatment system; iv) an ice productionmachine within the climate-controlled, enclosed environment; and v) asafety shower, an eye wash station, a container fill station, and an icedelivery chute that are accessible from outside the enclosed environmentof the mobile trailer.
 22. The water treatment system of claim 21,further comprising: a human-machine interface to the control system,comprising: a graphical display of the treatment process, warnings,alarms, and shutdown messages.
 23. The water treatment system of claim21, wherein the pretreatment subsystem comprises an ozonation unit. 24.The water treatment system of claim 23, wherein the chlorine monitor andthe chlorine injection pump are positioned downstream of the reverseosmosis subsystem.
 25. A mobile water purification unit configured toprocess a water stream under pressure, comprising: i) a wheeled trailercomprising a climate-controlled, enclosed environment and a source waterinlet connected to a supply of non-potable water; ii) a pretreatmentsubsystem comprising an ozone generator within the climate-controlled,enclosed environment that oxidizes iron and organic material present inthe water stream to form an ozonated stream; iii) a filtration subsystemcomprising a multimedia filter, an iron removal system, a carbon filtersystem and optionally a 1-micron filter system within theclimate-controlled, enclosed environment that removes solids andoxidized iron present in the ozonated stream to form a filtered waterstream; iv) a reverse osmosis subsystem within the climate-controlled,enclosed environment that purifies a portion of the filtered waterstream to form a purified water stream; v) a chlorine monitor and achlorine injection pump within the climate-controlled, enclosedenvironment that are configured to adjust a chlorine concentration ofthe purified water stream to form a quantity of potable water; vi) astorage tank within the climate-controlled, enclosed environment tocontain the quantity of potable water; vii) a safety shower, an eye washstation, a container fill station, and an ice delivery chute that areaccessible from outside the enclosed environment of the wheeled trailer;and viii) a potable water outlet.
 26. The mobile water purification unitof claim 25, further comprising: a total-dissolved-solids monitor and abypass valve that are configured to adjust taste of the quantity ofpotable water.
 27. The mobile water purification unit of claim 25,further comprising: a network connection to a router that is configuredfor communications with an offsite location.
 28. The water treatmentsystem of claim 1, further comprising: a pretreatment subsystemconfigured to oxidize iron present in the water stream and reduce anorganic load of the water stream.
 29. The water treatment system ofclaim 28, further comprising: a five-micron filter system connecteddownstream of the filtering subsystem.
 30. The water treatment system ofclaim 29, further comprising: a total dissolved solids sensor, achlorine sensor, and a pH sensor within the climate-controlled, enclosedenvironment that are configured to monitor the quantity of potablewater.